Egypt is a semi-presidential republic with a population exceeding 118 million. The Nile Valley and Delta meet Sahara deserts and Mediterranean/Red Sea coasts. The economy is large and reforming with a nominal GDP surpassing $389 billion; major exports include refined petroleum, gold, nitrogenous fertilizers, insulated wire, and citrus, while imports include refined petroleum, petroleum gas, wheat, cars, and medicaments.

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